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Marcus Elmore Baldwin (October 29, 1863 – November 10, 1929), nicknamed "Fido" and "Baldy", was an American right-handed professional baseball pitcher who played seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). In 346 career games, he pitched to a 154–165 win–loss record with 295 complete games. Baldwin set the single-season MLB wild pitches record with 83 that still stands today.

Mark Baldwin
Baldwin photographed in 1890
Pitcher
Born: (1863-10-29)October 29, 1863
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
Died: November 10, 1929(1929-11-10) (aged 66)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
Batted: Right
Threw: Right
MLB debut
May 2, 1887, for the Chicago White Stockings
Last MLB appearance
September 30, 1893, for the New York Giants
MLB statistics
Win–loss record154–165
Earned run average3.37
Strikeouts1,349
Teams
  • Chicago White Stockings (1887–1888)
  • Columbus Solons (1889)
  • Chicago Pirates (1890)
  • Pittsburgh Pirates (1891–1893)
  • New York Giants (1893)
Career highlights and awards
  • 1889 AA leader in innings pitched (513+2⁄3), losses (34), strikeouts (368), and walks (274)[1]
  • 1890 PL leader in complete games (53), wins (33), strikeouts (209), and walks (249)[2]
  • Holds MLB single-season wild pitches record (83)[3]

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Baldwin made his professional debut for a Cumberland, Maryland team in 1883. Though signed by Chicago White Stockings President Albert Spalding to pitch in the 1886 World Series, Baldwin did not play after the St. Louis Browns, against whom Chicago played, objected. He made his MLB debut for the White Stockings in 1887, when a writer for the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern called him the "swiftest pitcher in the National League" (NL). Released by Chicago player–manager Cap Anson, he signed with the Columbus Solons of the American Association (AA) in 1889, where he led the league in innings pitched, with 513+2⁄3, losses, with 34, strikeouts, with 368, and walks, with 274.

In 1889, Baldwin, described as "intelligent and outspoken,"[4] recruited players for the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League (PL). Baldwin played for Chicago and finished the year as the PL leader in games played as a pitcher (58), innings pitched (492), wins (33), strikeouts (206), complete games (56), and walks (249), as the Pirates finished fourth in the league, ten games behind the first-place Boston Reds. Retrospectively, a PL historian described him as a star of the league. Back in the NL, he signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates, where he played from 1891 to 1893. Baldwin was arrested after the Homestead strike in 1892 and charged with aggravated riot, but never received a trial. He finished his MLB career with the New York Giants in 1893, and played several seasons for independent teams afterwards.

During his career, he batted and threw right-handed, weighed 190 pounds (86 kg), and stood 6 feet (180 cm) tall. After baseball, Baldwin became a physician and practiced at Passavant Hospital in Pittsburgh. He died of cardiorenal disease on November 10, 1929 and is interred at Allegheny Cemetery.


Early life


Marcus Elmore "Mark" Baldwin was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 29, 1863, to Franklin E. and Margaret Baldwin.[5] One of two children to the couple,[5] Mark and his family moved to Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1872.[6] Franklin, a real estate speculator, previously worked as a steelworker[7] and a nailer.[8] Mark started to pitch for amateur Homestead teams in 1880,[9] and, after high school, attended Pennsylvania State University (PSU).[5]


Professional career


Baldwin made his professional debut for a team in Cumberland, Maryland, in 1883, while he attended PSU;[10] two years later, he pitched for McKeesport, who finished first in the Western Pennsylvania league. On June 18, 1886, Baldwin struck out 18 batters, twelve successively, against the St. Paul Freezers while playing for the Duluth "Jayhawks" (the team did not have a nickname; the moniker was added retroactively) of the Northwestern League.[9] Baldwin had 19 strikeouts in 12 innings in a 4–3 loss at Oshkosh, Wisconsin on September 13, 1886.[11] According to a friend of Baldwin, when Duluth fined Baldwin for poor play, Baldwin intentionally performed poorly until Duluth revoked the fine.[12] Duluth won its league pennant, according to a Pittsburgh Daily Post writer, due "chiefly on account of Baldwin's pitching".[13] Baldwin posted a 25–17 win–loss record for Duluth. He pitched 373 innings in 43 appearances and completed all 41 of his starts. After a tryout,[14] Chicago White Stockings President Albert Spalding signed Baldwin to a contract[15] to replace injured rookie Jocko Flynn:[10] Chicago wanted Baldwin to play in the 1886 World Series, but the St. Louis Browns, against whom Chicago played, objected, and Baldwin never played.[16]


Chicago White Stockings (1887–88)


In preparation for the 1887 season, Baldwin joined Chicago during spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Though in March 1887, Baldwin "expected to rank next to [John] Clarkson" among Chicago's pitchers,[17] in April, The Sporting News reported Baldwin "[was] regarded in Chicago as little better than a failure".[18] On May 2, Baldwin made his MLB debut against the Indianapolis Hoosiers in a 9–1 Chicago loss.[19][20] Later in the month, Baldwin held the Boston Beaneaters to one run in a 3–1 Chicago victory,[21] part of a week in which Baldwin's development "[surprised]" a writer for The Post, who discounted the earlier evaluation of Baldwin as a failure.[22] In June, a correspondent for The Clipper complimented Baldwin on his endurance and curveballs,[23] while an Oshkosh Daily Northwestern writer called him the "swiftest pitcher in the National League".[24] Baldwin finished the season at an 18–17 win–loss record, with 164 strikeouts and 122 walks over 334 innings pitched, as Chicago finished 71–50, third in the NL.[25] By December, Baldwin had re-signed with the club.[26]

With the sale of Clarkson to Boston, only White Stockings' player–manager Cap Anson, according to one prediction, believed the team could win a pennant.[27] In a May 30 game against the Washington Nationals, Baldwin sprained a tendon in his right leg,[28][29] an injury from which he did not return until early July.[30] As a club, Chicago finished the season second in the NL, nine games behind the New York Giants, with a 77–58 record. Baldwin led his team with 15 losses and 99 walks.[31] A monkey bit Baldwin on Spalding's 1888–89 World Tour, in which he participated, after Baldwin fed it pretzels and beer.[32] On April 24, 1889, Anson released him and three other White Stockings and stated he would rather "take eighth place with [a team of gentlemen] than first with a gang of roughs".[33] According to Baldwin, Chicago did not restrict alcohol consumption on the tour and after he hinted he would not sign for the salary of last season he was released.[34] Later in the year, Anson cited Baldwin's lack of pitch control as a reason for his release.[35] Baldwin signed with the Columbus Solons of the AA on May 3.[36]


Columbus Solons and Chicago Pirates (1889–90)


"A year ago when Spalding released him, [Baldwin] declared that the ambition of his life was to play in opposition to Anson's team. He then thought only of a rival national league team and did not dream of a local rival for public patronage. Now that he is with the Chicago Players' team he says his ambition is gratified beyond his most fanciful hope, and he proposes to do all in his power to make his services to the new team valuable."

A writer for The Chicago Tribune on Baldwin's career after the White Stockings[37]

Goodwin & Company tobacco card of Baldwin, c. 1887–1890
Goodwin & Company tobacco card of Baldwin, c. 1887–1890

Baldwin, who debuted for the Solons on May 4 in a showing "anything but credible,"[38] explained his poor opening game as a result of unfamiliarity with AA coaching methods.[39] By late June, a month in which he hit a double, three triples, and a home run over a three-game span,[40] Baldwin was "doing better", according to a writer for The Chicago Tribune.[41] According to a writer for The Saint Paul Globe, Baldwin pitched the "best ball in the [A]ssociation" in July.[42] On August 31, Baldwin set the single-game AA record for strikeouts with 13 against the Browns.[43] In his only season in the AA, Baldwin led the league in innings pitched (513+2⁄3), losses (34), strikeouts (368), walks (274), and wild pitches (83), the last of which set a major league record that still stands today.[1][3][19] Baldwin's 274 walks set a then-MLB record.[10]

In November 1889, Baldwin met in Chicago with the National Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players, a union of baseball players which would form the Players' League (PL) in 1890, where the union reportedly discussed the formation of a Chicago team.[44] Despite an attempt by Anson to convince Baldwin to sign with an NL team in which Anson "spent more money than he [had] spent before", on November 21, Baldwin signed a PL contract for the Chicago team,[45] nicknamed the Pirates. Baldwin's 1.77 "average earned runs per game by opponents" through May 21, 1890 ranked second-lowest in the PL, while his seven games played as a pitcher tied for second highest in the league.[46] On why he joined the league, Baldwin said he was "not playing ball for principles", but rather for the "money that's in it", and on other players in the PL stated "not one of them ever had much faith in the principles which were said to have led to the revolt".[47]

Baldwin finished the year as the PL leader in games played as a pitcher (58), innings pitched (492), wins (33), strikeouts (206), complete games (56), and walks (249),[2] as the Pirates finished fourth in the PL, ten games behind the first-place Boston Reds.[48] Retrospectively, PL historian Ed Koszarek described him as a star of the league.[49] When the PL disbanded in a joint NL–AA ratification on January 16, 1891,[50] Columbus retained Baldwin under reserve,[4] and Baldwin officially signed with the team in January 1891 for $2,900 (equivalent to $87,000 in 2021).[lower-alpha 1][52] After a discussion with Pittsburgh Alleghenys team owner J. Palmer O'Neil in February,[5] he jumped contract and signed with Pittsburgh late that month[53] or early in March[5] despite saying he did not want to play for the club earlier in the year.[54]


Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Giants (1891–93)


In early March, Baldwin tried to convince Jack O'Connor of the Solons and Silver King of St. Louis to sign with Pittsburgh.[55] Chris von der Ahe, owner of the St. Louis Brown Stockings, had Baldwin arrested for allegedly conspiring with O'Neil to sign players from St. Louis to Pittsburgh shortly thereafter.[56] The charges were later dropped.[lower-alpha 2] Around this time, the Alleghenys nickname changed to the Pirates due to the club's habit of signing players from other teams.[5] He pitched to a 2.76 earned run average (ERA) and a 1.40 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) rate in his first year with the club as the Pirates finished last in the NL;[lower-alpha 3][58] Baldwin's 23 hit batsmen led the league, while his totals in innings pitched, wins, losses, and complete games led the club.[57][59]

The Pirates gave Baldwin a ten-day notice of intent to release on August 25, 1892[60] with a local paper stating the Pittsburgh magnates thought of him as "unreliable, of uncertain temper and [believing] his heart was never in the game".[61] The Pirates possibly gave him a ten-day notice due to his involvement in the Homestead strike.[62] In September 1892, Carnegie Steel Company Secretary F.T.F. Lovejoy provided information which left Baldwin charged with aggravated riot.[7][62] Baldwin stated he was at the strike "merely as a spectator", and when the surrender of the Pinkertons occurred he "went to his home in Homestead and in no way aided or abetted the attack on the defenseless prisoners".[63] Baldwin was released from prison after his father posted $2,000 (equivalent to $60,000 in 2021) bail.[lower-alpha 1][7] He later rejoined the club on the team's trip east, with the club recalling his release.[64][65] Baldwin was re-arrested on September 23 along with 166 other defendants on the same charge, but never received a trial.[62] He finished the 1892 season with a 26–27 win–loss record and a 3.47 ERA as the team ended with a 80–73–2 win–loss–tie record, sixth in the NL. He lead the team in wins and losses, games pitched, innings pitched, complete games, walks, strikeouts, and tied with Red Ehret and Phil Knell for the league lead in hit batsmen.[66][67]

In the off-season, Baldwin sold real estate and insurance in Homestead, and stated he did not care about returning to baseball[68] after refusing a contract with the Pirates due to low wages.[69] He re-signed with Pittsburgh in February 1893 for $2,400 (equivalent to $72,000 in 2021),[lower-alpha 1][70] the same amount for which he reportedly refused a contract with Pittsburgh earlier.[71] In a game against a team from New Orleans during the off-season, Baldwin walked eleven batters.[72] He appeared in one game for the 1893 Pirates before the club released him in early May.[5][73] He signed with the New York Giants shortly thereafter in a move that also saw the release of King.[74] In July, Baldwin ended a streak of eleven games pitched in which he did record a win.[75] He ended the year with a 16–20 record and a 4.10 ERA as the club finished at a 68–64–4 record, good for fifth in the NL. Baldwin's 33 complete games were second on the Giants to Amos Rusie's 50.[76] In 346 career MLB games, he pitched to a 154–165 win–loss record with 295 complete games.[19]


Independent ball (1894–95)


In March 1894, New York released Baldwin.[77] An article in The Cincinnati Enquirer stated Baldwin could not find a team with which to sign due to his lawsuit against von der Ahe,[78] and a retrospective article in The Washington Post stated Baldwin and King were "marooned" due to their involvement in the Association–League war of 1891.[10] Baldwin originally did not want to play in a minor league,[79] though he signed with the Allentown Kelly's Killers in mid May.[80] In a game against Harrisburg in late June, Baldwin allowed at least 23 hits.[81][82][83] He spent the 1894 season for the Binghamton Bingoes/Allentown Buffaloes of the Eastern League (EL), the Allentown Kelly's Killers/Easton/Ashland, and the Pottsville Colts, the last two of which competed in the Pennsylvania State League (PSL).[84] The Colts ended the season with a 62–44 record, which ranked first in the PSL,[85] and won the league's championship in a disputed game.[86] An article in the Pottsville Miners Journal stated "his excellent work for Pottsville in the championship games had much to do with bringing our club to first place".[87] He additionally played four games for the Yonkers club of the EL.[5]

Baldwin signed with the Philadelphia Phillies in October.[88] Though an article in The Philadelphia Inquirer stated Baldwin was "certain to stay" with the team on March 31, 1895,[89] the Phillies released him in April due to his drinking.[90][91] The Phillies recalled his release in early May,[92] but he did not appear in a regular-season game for the team.[5] Shortly after his first release, Baldwin re-signed with the Colts for $200 (equivalent to $6,500 in 2021)[lower-alpha 1] per month.[93] The Colts granted his release in June,[lower-alpha 4] and he signed with the Rochester Browns of the EL for more pay; for Pottsville, he won over two-thirds of the games in which he pitched according to The Allentown Leader.[95] The Browns released Baldwin due to poor performance which stemmed from drinking alcohol,[96] after which he played for a team in Palmyra and was captured by a team in Wheeling of the Iron and Oil League for which to play.[97][98] Baldwin pitched to a record of 10–12 between the Browns and the Colts.[84] During his career, he batted and threw right-handed, weighed 190 pounds (86 kg), and stood 6 feet (180 cm) tall.[19]


After professional baseball and personal life


Cartoon showing Baldwin as a surgeon, 1913
Cartoon showing Baldwin as a surgeon, 1913

Baldwin listed his birthdate when he played for Chicago in 1887 as 1867, which followed a theme of childishness and "extreme petulance" in him according to baseball historian David Nemec.[10] In spring training prior to the 1887 season, a hotel employee found Baldwin and Tom Daly unconscious in their room, which smelled of gas. Either Daly or Baldwin accidentally blew out a flame in a gas light. Baldwin almost died, but was revived by a doctor.[5] In 1892, he served as an NL umpire.[49] During at least two off-seasons, he joined his brother hunting.[5]

In April 1896, Baldwin's father purchased a semi-professional baseball team which Mark helped organize. It folded before the end of its first season.[5] After professional baseball, Baldwin started medical school at the University of Pennsylvania in fall 1898, where he coached the university's baseball team the year prior.[5] He played as a guard on the American football team for either the University of Pennsylvania[10] or Baltimore Medical College, to which he had transferred,[5] or both. He graduated with a Doctor of Medicine from Baltimore Medical College in 1900 and practiced in Rochester, Minnesota, in Columbus, and at Passavant Hospital in Pittsburgh.[16][99] He identified as a Republican in 1889,[100] and, in 1910, supported former teammate John K. Tener in the latter's bid for Governor of Pennsylvania.[101]

Baldwin was a Freemason. He never married.[5]

He died at Passavant Hospital on November 10, 1929 of cardiorenal disease[5] after a long illness,[4] and was interred at Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.[19]


See also



Notes


  1. Inflation calculations cited to the following source:[51]
  2. Baldwin later sued von der Ahe for false imprisonment and, after years of litigation, won a judgement of $2,525 (equivalent to $82,000 in 2021)[lower-alpha 1] against him in 1897.[5]
  3. His WHIP was highest on the team among qualified pitchers, while his ERA was the lowest.[57]
  4. According to the Colts, Baldwin refused to sign a contract with Pottsville and the club remained within a thirty-day limit to sign Baldwin. The Colts then sent the facts of what transpired to Presidents Hanlon and Nick Young for possible punishment of Baldwin.[94]

References


  1. "1889 American Association Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  2. "1890 Players League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  3. "Single-Season Leaders & Records for Wild Pitches". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  4. Tiemann, Robert L. (1996). "Marcus Elmore Baldwin". In Ivor-Campbell, Frederick; Tiemann, Robert L.; Rucker, Mark (eds.). Baseball's First Stars: The Second Volume of Biographies of the Greatest Nineteenth Century Players, Managers, Umpires, Executives, and Writers, from the Society for American Baseball Research. Society for American Baseball Research. p. 5. OCLC 36298505.
  5. McKenna, Brian. "Mark Baldwin". Society of American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  6. "Death Record". The Pittsburg Press. September 23, 1908. p. 9 – via Google News Archive.
  7. "Caught a Pitcher: Famous Mark Baldwin Held for Court on a Charge of Aggravated Riot". Pittsburg Dispatch. September 2, 1892. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. "News Notes" (PDF). The Sporting News. The Sporting Life Publishing Company. 9 (10): 1. June 15, 1887. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
  9. "Pitcher Baldwin". Hutchinson Daily News. December 27, 1889. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. Nemec, David (2011). "Baldwin, Marcus Elmore / 'Mark' 'Fido'". Major League Baseball Profiles, 1871–1900, Volume 1: The Ballplayers Who Built the Game. Bison Original. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0-8032-3024-8.
  11. "For Twelve Innings". The St. Paul Globe. September 14, 1886. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. "Random Shots" (PDF). The Sporting News. The Sporting Life Publishing Company. 9 (19): 5. August 17, 1887. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2016.
  13. "Chicago Signs a South Sider". Pittsburgh Daily Post. October 23, 1886. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. "Spaulding Wants Mark Baldwin". Pittsburgh Daily Post. October 16, 1886. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. "Gossip of the Game". The Chicago Tribune. October 21, 1886. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
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  18. "Notes and Comments" (PDF). The Sporting News. The Sporting Life Publishing Company. 9 (3): 11. April 27, 1887. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
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  33. "Anson and the Released Men". The Daily Inter Ocean. April 25, 1889. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. "Mark Baldwin Interviewed". The Daily Inter Ocean. April 26, 1889. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
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  37. "That Galesburg Story: Pritchard's Remarkable Tales about Walter Latham". The Chicago Tribune. February 5, 1890. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
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  39. "The National Game". The Courier-Journal. May 16, 1889. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. "Diamond Dust". The Sunday Oregonian. June 30, 1889. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. "Diamond Gossip". The Chicago Tribune. June 30, 1889. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. "Scraps of Sport". The Saint Paul Daily Globe. July 2, 1889. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. "Only Three Hits off Baldwin". The Times. August 31, 1899. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. "The Chicago Brotherhood Club". The Enquirer. November 20, 1889. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. "Baldwin and King are 'Players': The Brotherhood Secures the Two Great Pitchers for its Chicago Team". The Chicago Tribune. November 22, 1889. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. "Pitchers' Averages". The Pittsburg Press. May 25, 1890. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. "Base Ball Notes". Pittsburgh Daily Post. March 5, 1891. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. "1890 Players League Team Statistics and Standings". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  49. Koszarek, Ed (2014). "Baldwin, Marcus Elmore". The Players League: History, Clubs, Ballplayers and Statistics (E-book). McFarland, Incorporated. pp. 72–74. ISBN 978-1-4766-0918-8.
  50. Lamster, Mark (2007). Spalding's World Tour: The Epic Adventure that Took Baseball around the Globe– And Made it America's Game. PublicAffairs. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-58648-433-0.
  51. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  52. "Base Ball Notes". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 24, 1891. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. "Two More Jumps: Pitchers Baldwin and Stratton Join the Pittsburg League". The Cincinnati Post. February 28, 1891. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. "Base Ball Notes". Pittsburgh Daily Post. January 1, 1891. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. "Von Der Ahe Full of War". The Kansas City Times. March 4, 1891. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. "The Outrage at St. Louis: Mark Baldwin Thrown into Jail at von der Ahe's Instigation". The Kansas City Star. March 6, 1891. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. "1891 Pittsburgh Pirates Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  58. "1891 National League Team Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  59. "1891 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  60. "Good-bye Baldwin: Mark will get his Walking Papers This Morning". Pittsburgh Daily Post. August 25, 1892. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. "Untitled". The Pittsburgh Press. August 25, 1892. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. Brodt, Zachary L. "Strike Out: A Pirates Pitcher at the Battle of Homestead". Western Pennsylvania History. Senator John Heinz History Center. 98 (2): 50–61.
  63. "Baldwin Bagged". Commercial Gazette. September 2, 1892. Carnegie Steel Scrapbook, Box 20, Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives, 1892–1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
  64. Pringle (September 4, 1892). "A Few Words About Baseball". Pittsburgh Dispatch. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.
  65. "Sporting Notes". The Inter Ocean. September 8, 1892. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. "1892 Pittsburgh Pirates Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  67. "1892 National League Standard Pitching". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  68. "Sporting". The Pittsburgh Press. November 30, 1892. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. "Base Ball Gossip". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 18, 1892. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. "Mark Baldwin Signs with Pittsburg". The Standard Union. February 16, 1893. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. "Sporting". The Pittsburgh Press. December 17, 1892. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. "Pittsburg, 7; New Orleans, 6". Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1893. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. "Abbreviated Telegrams". The Gazette. May 3, 1893. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. "New Pitchers for the New Yorks". The Jersey City News. May 19, 1893. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. "Sporting in General". The Pittsburgh Press. July 18, 1893. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. "1893 New York Giants Statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  77. "Baseball Notes". The Boston Globe. March 2, 1894. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. "Baseball Gossip". The Cincinnati Enquirer. May 10, 1894. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. "Base Ball Notes". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 30, 1894. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. "Base Ball Gossip". Harrisburg Daily Independent. May 16, 1894. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. "Around the Bases". The Memphis Commercial. June 26, 1894. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. "Base Ball Notes: Doings of the Teams and the Men in the National League". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 27, 1894. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. "Base Ball Notes". Evening Star. June 23, 1894. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  84. "Mark Baldwin Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  85. Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball: The Official Record of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Baseball America, Incorporated. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.
  86. Browne, Paul (2013). The Coal Barons Played Cuban Giants: A History of Early Professional Baseball in Pennsylvania, 1886–1896. McFarland. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7864-6125-7.
  87. "Pitcher Mark Baldwin Leaves". Miners Journal. October 13, 1894. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. "Base Ball: Whisperings of Closing Scenes on the Schuylkill Diamond". Evening Herald. October 2, 1894. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. "Base Ball News from the South". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 31, 1895. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. "Philadelphia Releases Mark Baldwin". Buffalo Evening News. April 20, 1895. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  91. "Rain a Blessing To the Phillies". The Philadelphia Inquirer. April 30, 1895. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  92. "Base Ball Notes". Evening Star. May 4, 1895. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  93. "'Twill be Easy to Slide". The Allentown Leader. April 30, 1895. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. "Say Baldwin is Crooked: Pottsville Magnates have a Grievance Against Rochester's Big Pitcher". Democrat and Chronicle. June 23, 1895. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. "Base Ball Notes". The Allentown Leader. June 12, 1895. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. "Rochester, July 28". Buffalo Courier. July 29, 1895. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  97. "Geneseo Defeats Palmyra". Buffalo Courier. August 18, 1895. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  98. "Eagle Baseball Notes". The Wichita Eagle. August 29, 1895. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  99. ""Uncle Sam" Cooper is in Passavant Hospital". The Gazette Times. January 24, 1913. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. "No Wonder He was Disgusted". The Ohio Democrat. June 13, 1889. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. "Old Times Recalled by Dr. Mark Baldwin". The Pittsburg Press. November 3, 1910. p. 16 – via Google News Archive.


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