sport.wikisort.org - AthleteStanisława Walasiewicz (3 April 1911 – 4 December 1980), also known as Stefania Walasiewicz,[2] and Stella Walsh,[3] was a Polish-American track and field athlete, who became a women's Olympic champion in the 100 metres. Born in Poland and raised in the United States, she became an American citizen in 1947.
Polish athlete
Stanisława Walasiewicz
Stanisława Walasiewicz in 1938 |
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Born | 3 April 1911 Wierzchownia, Congress Poland, Russian Empire |
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Died | 4 December 1980 (aged 69) Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
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Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) |
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Weight | 60 kg (132 lb) |
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Sport | Athletics |
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Event(s) | 100 m, 200 m, long jump |
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Club | Warszawianka, Warszawa Legia Warszawa |
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Personal best(s) | 100 yd – 10.5 (1944) 100 m – 11.6 (1937) 200 m – 23.6 (1935) long jump – 6.12 m (1939)[1] |
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Background
Walasiewicz was born on 3 April 1911 in Wierzchownia (now Brodnica County), Congress Poland.[4] Her family emigrated to the United States when she was three months old. Her parents, Julian and Veronika Walasiewicz, settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where her father found a job as a steel mill worker.[5] Her family called her Stasia, a common Polish diminutive of her Christian name, which later led to the nickname Stella, as she was known in the United States.[5]
Athletic career
Walasiewicz started her athletic career at South High School, a school located in the historic Slavic Village neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1927, she qualified for a place on the American Olympic team started by the Cleveland Press newspaper. However, Walasiewicz was not an American citizen and could not obtain citizenship under the age of 21, so she could not compete.[5] The success of Halina Konopacka, a Polish athlete who won gold in the discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics, inspired Walasiewicz to join the local branch of Sokół, a Polish sports and patriotic organization active among the Polish diaspora. During the Pan-Slavic meeting of the Sokół movement in Poznań, she scored her first major international victories; she won five gold medals in the 60 metre, 100 metre, 200 metre and 400 metre races, as well as the long jump.[5] She was asked to stay in Poland and join the Polish national athletic team, and she continued to run in American challenges and games.
Walasiewicz continued to compete as an amateur, while also working as a clerk in Cleveland. In the period leading up to the 1932 Summer Olympics, she won American national championships in the 100-yard dash (1930), 220 yard dash (1930–31), and long jump (1930).[6] For her part in interstate athletic championships, the city of Cleveland awarded her a car.[5][7] She was offered American citizenship; however, just two days prior to taking her oath of citizenship, she changed her mind and instead adopted Polish citizenship, offered to her by the Polish consulate in New York.[5][8] In 1930, she was chosen the most popular Polish athlete by readers of the Przegląd Sportowy (Sports Review) daily.[9]
In the 1932 Summer Olympics, Walasiewicz represented Poland. In the 100 m dash, Walasiewicz equaled the current world record of 11.9 seconds and won the gold medal.[10] On the same day, she finished 6th out of 9 in the discus throw event.[11] Upon her return to Poland, she almost instantly became a well-known personality. She was welcomed by crowds in the port of Gdynia, and a few days later, she was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit for her achievements. She was again chosen the most popular Polish person in sports, and held that title for three years.[9]
In the spring of 1933, Walasiewicz appeared at the Championships of Warsaw, where she seized 9 gold medals in track and field, including 80 metres hurdling, 4 × 200 relay, and long jump.[12] On 17 September 1933, in Poznań, she beat two world records in one day: 7.4 seconds for the 60 m and 11.8 seconds for the 100 m. Her Olympic success also won her a scholarship at the Warsaw Institute of Physical Education, where she met some of the most notable Polish athletes of the time, including Jadwiga Wajs, Felicja Schabińska, Maria Kwaśniewska, and Janusz Kusociński.
In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Walasiewicz attempted to defend her Olympic title for the 100 m dash, but Helen Stephens of the U.S. beat her by 0.02 seconds; Walasiewicz won the silver medal.[13] Stephens was accused by a Polish newspaper reporter of being male and was forced to submit to a genital inspection which confirmed her gender as female.[14]
After the Olympic Games, Walasiewicz moved to the U.S. and resumed her amateur career.[5] During and after World War II, she won American national championships in the 100 metres (1943, 1944 and 1948), the 200 metres (1939–40 and 1942–1948), the discus throw (1941–42), and the long jump (1938–1946, 1948 and 1951).[6][7]
In 1947, she accepted American citizenship, and she later married aviation draftsman Harry Olson in 1956.[15] Although the marriage did not last long, she continued to use the name Stella Walsh Olson for the rest of her life. She won her last U.S. title in 1951, at the age of 40.[7] She was inducted into the U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.
Post-athletic career
After her retirement, she continued to be active in a variety of Polish sport associations in the U.S., where she organized championships and helped young athletes. She also funded a variety of awards for Polish sports people living in America. In 1974, Stella Walsh was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame. Stella Walsh was a contestant on the 16 June 1954 episode of the radio quiz program You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx.[16]
Death and controversy
Walsh was killed during an armed robbery in a parking lot in Cleveland, on 4 December 1980.[17][18] She was buying ribbons for a welcoming ceremony for visiting Polish basketball players.[19] An autopsy showed that she had no uterus, an abnormal urethra, and a non-functioning, underdeveloped penis, although some sources suggest she also displayed female characteristics.[20][21][22] Chromosome analysis revealed that most of her cells contained normal X and Y (male) chromosomes but some were X0 (containing only one X chromosome), resulting in XY gonadal dysgenesis.[23]
The controversy of her biological sex remains unresolved, and the situation is further complicated as many earlier documents, including her birth record, state that she was female; the Cuyahoga County coroner, Samuel Gerber, stated that Walasiewicz was "socially, culturally and legally" a woman.[5][23] There has also been controversy over whether her records and achievements should be erased.[24]
Legacy
In Cleveland, on Broadway Avenue, there is a city-owned recreational center named after Stella Walsh. It is attached to Cleveland South High School. She is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.[25]
Walasiewicz was discussed on BBC Radio 4's The Long View in April 2019 when the contentious issue was the "Gender in women's sport".[26]
See also
- Gender verification in sports
References
- "Stanisława Walasiewicz". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009.
- "Stefania Walasiewicz". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Wallechinsky, David (2012). The Book of Olympic Lists. p. 19. ISBN 978-1845137731.
- Some sources also cite 7 and 11 April
- Klaudia Snochowska-Gonzales; Tomasz Kuzia (14 August 2004). "Walasiewicz była kobietą" [Walasiewicz Was a Woman]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Vol. 190. p. 8. Retrieved 31 May 2006.
- USA Track & Field – USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions. Usatf.org. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
- "USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions—Women's Long Jump". USA Track & Field. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- At the time of Walasiewicz's birth, Poland was under partition, and she was officially a citizen of the Russian Empire, even though the state had ceased to exist as a result of the Russian Civil War.
- "Plebiscyt PS". ozarow.maz.pl. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- "Women's 100 meter run finals". The San Bernardino County Sun. 3 August 1932. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- Polish Olympic Committee (corporate author) (2005). "Los Angeles – 1932.08.02". Polski Portal Olimpijski PKOl. Polish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 February 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
- Krzysztof Bazylow (25 October 2004). "1933 – Stanisława Walasiewicz". sports.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
- Stuart Cameron (5 August 1936). "Bettered Olympic mark in broad jump; America leads by forty-five points now". Times Herald. New York. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Helen Stephens is real girl". Harrisburg Telegraph. 6 August 1936. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- Toby C. Rider (Pennsylvania State University, Berks, USA); Sarah Teetzel (University of Manitoba, Canada). "The Strange Tale of Stella Walsh's Olympic Eligibility" (PDF). Amateur Athletic Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "You Bet Your Life 35 Eps : Free Download & Streaming". Archive.org. 16 June 1954. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- "Olympic track star Stella Walsh dies". Wilmington Morning Star. 6 December 1980. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- "Stella Walsh Slain; Olympic Track Star". New York Times. 6 December 1980. p. 20. ProQuest 121246455
- Louise Mead Tricard (1 January 1996). American Women's Track and Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980. McFarland. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-7864-0219-9.
- Matt Tullis (27 June 2013). "Who was Stella Walsh?: The story of the intersex Olympian". SB Nation – via Associated Press (corporate author).
- "Coroner's report says Stella Walsh 'lived and died' a woman". United Press International. 23 January 1981. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- Renata Gorczyńska (15 November 2002). "Co ma wirus do płci" [What does the virus do to have sex]. Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Vol. 266. Archived from the original on 24 July 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- "Ex-Olympian Stella Walsh legally a woman". Sarasota Journal. 12 February 1981. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- "Stella: Fontana woman recalls races vs. 'Polish Flyer'". The San Bernardino County Sun. 10 February 1981. p. 39. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
- Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories. Cleveland, Ohio: Gray & Company. ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6.
- Presenter: Jonathan Freedland (30 April 2019). "Gender in women's sport". The Long View. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
External links
Olympic champions in women's 100 metres |
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European Athletics Championships champions in women's 100 metres |
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European Athletics Championships champions in women's 200 metres |
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US National Championship winners in women's 100-meter dash |
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1923–1979 Amateur Athletic Union | |
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1980–1992 The Athletics Congress | |
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1993–present USA Track & Field | |
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Notes |
- OT: 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event.
- 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Distance: The event was over 100 yards until 1927; from 1929 to 1931, 1955, 1957 to 1958, 1961 to 1962, 1965 to 1966, 1969 to 1970 and 1973 to 1974.
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US National Championship winners in women's 200-meter dash |
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1926–1979 Amateur Athletic Union | |
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1980–1992 The Athletics Congress | |
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1993–present USA Track & Field | |
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Notes |
- OT: 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event.
- Distance:The event was over 220 yards until 1932, 1955, 1957-8, 1961-3, 1965-6, 1969-70 and 1973-4
- 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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US National Championship winners in women's long jump |
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1923–1979 Amateur Athletic Union |
- 1923: Helen Dinnehey
- 1924: Dorothy Walsh
- 1925: Helen Filkey
- 1926: Nellie Todd
- 1927: Eleanor Egg
- 1928: Elta Cartwright
- 1929: Nellie Todd
- 1930: Stella Walsh
- 1931: Babe Didrikson
- 1932: Nellie Todd
- 1933: Genevieve Valvoda
- 1934: Not held
- 1935: Etta Tate
- 1936: Mable Smith
- 1937–8: Lula Hymes
- 1939: Stella Walsh (POL) * Lula Mae Hymes
- 1940–41: Stella Walsh (POL) * Lucy Newell
- 1942–45: Stella Walsh (POL) * Rowena Harrison
- 1946: Stella Walsh (POL) * Lillian Young
- 1947: Lillie Purifoy
- 1948: Stella Walsh (POL) * Lillian Young
- 1949–50: Mabel Landry
- 1951: Stella Walsh (POL) * Nancy Phillips
- 1952–3: Mabel Landry
- 1954–5: Nancy Phillips
- 1956–9: Margaret Mathews
- 1960–2: Willye White
- 1963: Edith McGuire
- 1964–6: Willye White
- 1967: Pat Connolly
- 1968–70: Willye White
- 1971: Kim Attlesey
- 1972: Willye White
- 1973–75: Martha Watson
- 1976: Kathy McMillan
- 1977–8: Jodi Anderson
- 1979: Kathy McMillan
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1980–1992 The Athletics Congress | |
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1993–present USA Track & Field | |
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Notes |
- OT: Since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event.
- 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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US National Championship winners in women's discus throw |
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1923–1979 Amateur Athletic Union |
- 1943: Frances Gorn-Sobczak (POL) * Betty Weaver
- 1944: Hattie Turner
- 1945: Frances Kaszubski (POL) * Hattie Turner
- 1946: Dorothy Dodson
- 1947–48: Frances Kaszubski (POL) * Dorothy Dodson
- 1949: Frances Kaszubski (POL) * Herta Rand
- 1950: Frances Kaszubski (POL) * Amelia Bert
- 1951: Frances Kaszubski (POL) * Janet Dicks
- 1952–3: Janet Dicks
- 1954: Marjorie Larney
- 1955: Alejandrina Ibarra (CUB) * Marjorie Larney
- 1956: Pamela Kurrell
- 1957: Olga Connolly
- 1958–9: Earlene Brown
- 1960: Olga Connolly
- 1961: Earlene Brown
- 1962: Olga Connolly
- 1963: Sharon Shepherd
- 1964: Olga Connolly
- 1965: Lynn Graham
- 1966–7: Carol Moseke
- 1968: Olga Connolly
- 1969–70: Carol Frost
- 1971: Josephine de la Viña (PHI) * Carol Frost
- 1972: Josephine de la Viña (PHI) * Olga Connolly
- 1973: Jean Roberts (AUS) *Monette Driscoll (3)
- 1974: Joan Pavelich (CAN) * Linda Langford
- 1975: Jean Roberts (AUS) *Jan Svendsen
- 1976: Lynne Winbigler
- 1977: Jane Haist (CAN) * Lynne Winbigler
- 1978–9: Lynne Winbigler
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1980–1992 The Athletics Congress | |
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1993–present USA Track & Field |
- 1993–4: Connie Price-Smith
- 1995: Edie Boyer
- 1996: Suzy Powell
- 1997: Lacy Barnes-Mileham
- 1998–2001: Seilala Sua
- 2002: Kris Kuehl
- 2003–4: Aretha Hill
- 2005: Becky Breisch
- 2006: Aretha Thurmond
- 2007: Suzy Powell
- 2008: Aretha Thurmond
- 2009: Stephanie Brown Trafton
- 2010: Becky Breisch
- 2011–2: Stephanie Brown Trafton
- 2013–5: Gia Lewis-Smallwood
- 2016OT: Whitney Ashley
- 2017: Gia Lewis-Smallwood
- 2018-9: Valarie Allman
- 20212020 OT-22: Valarie Allman
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Notes |
- OT: Since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event.
- 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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US National Championship winners in women's 60-meter dash |
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1927–1979 Amateur Athletic Union | |
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1980–1992 The Athletics Congress | |
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1993–present USA Track & Field | |
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Notes | *Distances have varied as follows: 40 yards (1927–32), 50 meters (1933–54), 50 yards (1956–64), 60 yards (1965–86), 55 meters (1987–90) |
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Polish Sports Personality of the Year |
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Sportspersonality of The Year | |
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Team of The Year |
- 2005: Women's volleyball team
- 2006: Men's volleyball team
- 2007: Men's handball team
- 2008: Lech Poznań
- 2009: Men's volleyball team
- 2010: Speedway team
- 2011: Men's volleyball team
- 2012: Men's volleyball team
- 2013: Vive Kielce
- 2014: Men's volleyball team
- 2015: Men's handball team
- 2016: Vive Kielce
- 2017: Men's ski jumping team
- 2018: Men's voleyball team
- 2019: Men's basketball team
- 2021: ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
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Coach of The Year |
- 1976: Hubert Wagner
- 1977: Krystyna Babirecka, Bolesław Bogdan, Zbigniew Katner & Zbigniew Kuciewicz
- 1978: Edward Budny
- 1979: Zbigniew Rusin & Andrzej Trochanowski
- 1980: Ludwik Miętta-Mikołajewicz
- 1981: Antoni Piechniczek
- 1982: Antoni Piechniczek
- 1983: Zdzisław Dudzik
- 1985: Ryszard Szurkowski
- 1986: Stanisław Rybakowski
- 1987: Stanisław Krzesiński
- 1988: Ryszard Zieniawa
- 1989: Stanisław Pytel & Wacław Skarul
- 1990: Arkadiusz Koniecki
- 1991: Janusz Wójcik
- 1992: Zbigniew Pacelt
- 1993: Tomasz Herkt
- 1994: Olgierd Światowiak
- 1995: Michał Brzuchalski
- 1996: Ryszard Świerad
- 1997: Wojciech Borowiak
- 1998: Józef Lisowski
- 1999: Tomasz Herkt
- 2000: Jerzy Broniec
- 2001: Jerzy Engel & Apoloniusz Tajner
- 2002: Paweł Słomiński
- 2003: Andrzej Niemczyk
- 2004: Paweł Słomiński
- 2005: Andrzej Niemczyk & Paweł Słomiński
- 2006: Raúl Lozano
- 2007: Leo Beenhakker
- 2008: Aleksander Wojciechowski
- 2009: Bogdan Wenta
- 2010: Aleksander Wierietielny
- 2011: Marek Cieślak
- 2012: Henryk Olszewski
- 2013: Łukasz Kruczek
- 2014: Stéphane Antiga & Łukasz Kruczek
- 2015: Adam Nawałka
- 2016: Krzysztof Kaliszewski
- 2017: Stefan Horngacher
- 2018: Vital Heynen
- 2019: Jolanta Kumor
- 2020: Piotr Sierzputowski
- 2021: Aleksander Matusiński
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Authority control |
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General | |
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National libraries | |
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Other | |
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На других языках
- [en] Stanisława Walasiewicz
[fr] Stanisława Walasiewicz
Stanisława Walasiewicz (alias Stella Walsh, née le 11 avril 1911 et morte le 4 décembre 1980) est une athlète polonaise, naturalisée américaine en 1947. Elle a établi 100 records mondiaux et/ou nationaux, dont 51 records en Pologne, 18 records mondiaux, 8 records européens. Courant pour la Pologne, elle remporte la médaille d'or aux 100 mètres des JO de 1932 à Los Angeles, égalant le record du monde alors établi à 11 s 9, et celle d'argent en 1936 à Berlin. Elle est également la première championne d'Europe de l'Histoire sur 100 m et 200 m en 1938 à Vienne.
[it] Stanisława Walasiewicz
Stanisława Walasiewicz, nota anche come Stella Walsh (Wierzchownia, 3 aprile 1911 – Cleveland, 4 dicembre 1980), è stata una velocista, lunghista, discobola e giavellottista polacca naturalizzata statunitense, campionessa olimpica dei 100 metri piani a Los Angeles 1932.
[ru] Валасевич, Станислава
Станисла́ва Валасе́вич (польск. Stanisława Walasiewicz; в США жила под именем Сте́лла Уо́лш-О́лсон (англ. Stella Walsh Olson), по некоторым данным первоначальное имя Стефания[5]; 21 марта [3 апреля] 1911, Верховня[pl], Российская империя[6] — 4 декабря 1980, Кливленд, США) — польская легкоатлетка, спринтер, олимпийская чемпионка, многократная рекордсменка мира. Замешана в двух гендерных скандалах.
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